Advancing Process Intensification with High-Frequency Ultrasound: A Mini-Review of Applications in Biofuel Production and Beyond

High-frequency ultrasound (HFU) is an technology with a frequency higher than 1000 kHz. It has become increasingly recognized as emerging process intensification in various fields, such biofuel production, carbon dioxide absorption, and wastewater treatment. HFU seen potential intensifier for its mechanisms, cavitational phenomena, microstreaming, fountain formation, can benefit production. Previous research shown that decrease the reaction time required aid lipid extraction, increase absorption rates, be effective destroying pathogens However, despite benefits, there are limited reports on use of which led to uncertainties constraints industrial deployment. These include equipment design, economic analysis, safety concerns, require further in-depth analysis. Despite these limitations, previous studies have promising results incorporation into fields due unique characteristics mechanisms. This paper presents review theory application intensification, focus also provides recommendations exploration overcome deployment obstacles.